{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/4b2x34np62/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Interview with Eva Nowotny, December 7, 2022"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/212/original/LOHI_aviarybanner2.jpg?1741032082","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2022-12-07 (created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Interviewer"]},"value":{"en":["Koellner, Sarah"]}},{"label":{"en":["Interviewee"]},"value":{"en":["Nowotny, Eva"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eInterview with Dr. Eva Nowotny (Vienna, Austria), who was an Austrian foreign service officer and played a crucial role in the Resident Fellows program of EWI. She suggested Austrian visiting fellows for the Resident Fellows program and was herself a board member of EWI and one of the first class of Visiting Fellows. In the late 1970s early 1980s, Nowotny worked with United Nations in New York and was assigned to Middle East affairs and Security Council affairs in the Austrian mission. During her time in New York, Nowotny started working with John Mroz. She discussed in-depth John Mroz’s leadership style and the Institute’s achievements. One of those was the dependence in Czechoslovakia, a workshop on women in politics, and another workshop in Warsaw with Sam Huntington, which focused on questions of transition, institution building, and democratic forms of government. Later in 1983, she was asked to join the Prime Minister of the Federal Chancellor in Austria as a foreign policy advisor. Nowotny stayed in that role until 1992 when she went to her first ambassadorial appointment in France. In addition to discussing her involvement with EWI, Nowotny reflects upon her diplomatic career, her role, and her experience as an Ambassador and in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Austria after the Cold War. During the interview, Nowotny stresses the importance of creating dialogue, listening, and collaboration, as guiding principles for a successful diplomatic career in a bilateral setting. In addition, Nowotny discusses the role of “neutrality” in Austrian history and as a guiding principle for Austria’s role in the EU and for EWI. The interview closes with a reflection on the role of higher education and future challenges and opportunities for universities.\u003c/p\u003e (abstract)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Contributing Institution"]},"value":{"en":["College of Charleston Libraries"]}},{"label":{"en":["Media Type"]},"value":{"en":["Oral History"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject - Personal or Corporate"]},"value":{"en":["Ahtisaari, Martti","EastWest Institute","European Union","North Atlantic Treaty Organization","Nowotny, Eva","United Nations Emergency Force"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject - Topical"]},"value":{"en":["Civil service","Cold War","Diplomacy","Diplomatic and consular service","History","International relations","Iraq War, 2003-2011","Neutrality","Nuclear disarmament","Post-communism","Track two diplomacy"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject - Geographic"]},"value":{"en":["Austria","Czechoslovakia","Egypt","Golan Heights","Middle East","Prague (Czech Republic)","Vienna (Austria)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English (primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type IMT"]},"value":{"en":["video/mp4"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eCopyright © College of Charleston\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date Digital"]},"value":{"en":["2023-03-10"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eInterview with Dr. Eva Nowotny (Vienna, Austria), who was an Austrian foreign service officer and played a crucial role in the Resident Fellows program of EWI. She suggested Austrian visiting fellows for the Resident Fellows program and was herself a board member of EWI and one of the first class of Visiting Fellows. In the late 1970s early 1980s, Nowotny worked with United Nations in New York and was assigned to Middle East affairs and Security Council affairs in the Austrian mission. During her time in New York, Nowotny started working with John Mroz. She discussed in-depth John Mroz\u0026rsquo;s leadership style and the Institute\u0026rsquo;s achievements. One of those was the dependence in Czechoslovakia, a workshop on women in politics, and another workshop in Warsaw with Sam Huntington, which focused on questions of transition, institution building, and democratic forms of government. Later in 1983, she was asked to join the Prime Minister of the Federal Chancellor in Austria as a foreign policy advisor. Nowotny stayed in that role until 1992 when she went to her first ambassadorial appointment in France. In addition to discussing her involvement with EWI, Nowotny reflects upon her diplomatic career, her role, and her experience as an Ambassador and in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Austria after the Cold War. During the interview, Nowotny stresses the importance of creating dialogue, listening, and collaboration, as guiding principles for a successful diplomatic career in a bilateral setting. In addition, Nowotny discusses the role of \u0026ldquo;neutrality\u0026rdquo; in Austrian history and as a guiding principle for Austria\u0026rsquo;s role in the EU and for EWI. The interview closes with a reflection on the role of higher education and future challenges and opportunities for universities.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eCopyright \u0026copy; College of Charleston\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Lowcountry Digital Library"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Lowcountry Digital Library"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/212/original/LOHI_aviarybanner2.jpg?1741032082","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/179/251/small/Nowotny_Eva_Dec2022.mp4_1678118078.jpg?1678118079","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Nowotny_Eva_Dec2022.mp4"]},"duration":4200.192,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/179/251/small/Nowotny_Eva_Dec2022.mp4_1678118078.jpg?1678118079","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-cofc.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/179/251/original/Nowotny_Eva_Dec2022.mp4?1678118054","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4200.192,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Transcript of Interview with Eva Nowotny, December 7, 2022 [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nHi, my name is Sarah Koellner and it's December 7, 2022. This oral interview will be conducted for the EWI Society Oral History Project. Could you please introduce yourself, telling me your name, date of birth, and also place of birth and if you want to, current occupation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=4.0,25.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nOkay. My name is Eva Nowotny. I was born on February 17, 1944, so that makes me quite old already. I was born by an accidental war in a little town south of Vienna, but I'm basically Viennese and I grew up in Vienna and did all my education in Vienna. I was a foreign service officer for my whole professional career. I had a number of ambassadorial posts in different embassies and since 2008 I'm retired. So at the moment I'm just a senior citizen, but I have another function. I'm still president of the board of the University of Vienna.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=25.0,89.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nWhich is a pretty big function. You said that most of your life you were a foreign service officer. Could you tell me how you first became interested in the topic of foreign relations or international relations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=89.0,102.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYeah. As you might know, I'm a history major. I did my Ph.D. in modern European history at the University of Vienna with an interesting thesis on Chancellor Metternich and the relations between Austria-Hungary at that time and England and after the Congress of Vienna. I've always been interested in foreign relations. I've always been interested in diplomacy also as a tool to foreign relations. But immediately after my Ph.D., I stayed for four years as a research assistant, as a university assistant professor at a university, and only joined the foreign service team afterwards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=102.0,161.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The process is quite a complicated one because you have to pass a foreign service exam like it was in the States. And then when you are accepted, when the result is positive, you go into a kind of internship training program in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until you are then sent out to your first foreign posting. As I said, I've always been interested in geography, in other countries in international relations, and I think most of my work as a historian was a very good preparation for this kind of professional career.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=161.0,209.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYou said that you were sent out to your first appointment where [was it located]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=209.0,211.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYes, my first post was in Egypt. I went to Egypt in 1975 and stayed there for three years, and this is also when I first met John Mroz, the founder and president of EastWest Securities [Security Studies]. It was a very interesting period because it was the time President [Anwar] Sadat and the preparation of his initiative to go to Jerusalem. The country was opening in many respects. It was politically opening itself. It was economically opening itself. Do you hear there is a kind of a back noise?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=211.0,262.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nI don't hear it when you...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=262.0,263.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYou don't hear it. Well, it doesn't bother me, but as long as it's not in the recording. Egypt in those years was a very interesting place to be. From Egypt, I was then transferred to New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=263.0,284.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYou already mentioned this, that was the time when you met John Mroz for the first time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=284.0,288.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=288.0,289.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nCould you talk a little bit about that? How did you meet and what was John Mroz's involvement in Egypt at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=289.0,296.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nWell, actually I don't recall where we met the first time, but John was at that time very much interested in international peacekeeping and was doing a lot of work on that for the International Peace Institute and was traveling a lot in that area. He was in Lebanon and in contact with the various peacekeeping operations that were going on with UNEF [First United Nations Emergency Force], UNDOF [United Nations Disengagement Observer Force] and so on, the Golan Heights and on one of these trips, he came to Egypt. And probably initially it was the American Embassy. I don't recall it at the moment, but that's how we first met and we stayed in touch because Austria at that time was a big contributor of troops. We had Austrian contingents in all the peacekeeping operations in the Middle East from Cyprus, Lebanon to all the Armistice lines and so on to supervise, and so professionally also, I could contribute a little bit to John's work at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=296.0,384.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYou said you stayed in contact, but you could also contribute to his work. How did you become officially involved with EWI?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=384.0,392.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nWell, officially involved with EWI and then became in New York. As I said, I was transferred to New York in '78, January '78, and was assigned to the Austrian mission to the United Nations. I had in the meantime married a colleague who was also posted to New York as consul general of Austria. So we were a tandem professional couple. A very interesting situation because we could corner New York from two perspectives, the international one as well as also the bilateral one. And so in being back in New York, I renewed my friendship with John, and John at that point already started to work on the idea of setting up an independent institute. He was [at] first still with the International Peace Institute, but then he was already playing with the idea of going independent and setting up his own research institute, had found the sponsor, which is very important because you need seed money to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=392.0,479.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then John asked me as well as some other colleagues, I think from [the] Swedish Embassy and so on, but we would come and be his first board. That of course I did with great pleasure. We started out with Institute for EastWest Security Studies, as it was that time called, in a very modest loft close to the United Nations. I think it was on 43rd or 44th Street. Very humble premises, but very efficient and full of enthusiasm. So we started out there. Our first big initiative really was a long think tank conference type of thing on the Middle East, development in the Middle East. This brought together very interesting participants because John managed to get somebody not only from Israel, but we also had a young woman who was working in the office of Chairman [Yasser] Arafat in the PLO [Palestine Liberation Organization]. We had a military officer from Jordan who joined, and for a couple of months, we were in a very in-depth analysis of the problems but also of possible solutions. We went into very specific questions like the distribution of water resources, which in that area is also a fundamental question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=479.0,603.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The problem arose at the very end because then we wanted to put a report on paper that make it also public. And then of course, domestic pressures came to bear and the participants who had participated eagerly in the debate but then were hesitant or not allowed to put their signature on a piece of paper. So the result was never really actually concretized. It stayed really open, but it was a very good initiative and a very good beginning for the institute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=603.0,646.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nWas it also why you were attracted to the institute because it was a platform where scholars from very diverse backgrounds could come together and really in-depth, as you said, focus on questions to discuss them or was there also something else that attracted you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=646.0,663.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nNo, this was primarily the thing that interested me. It was a very good corollary to my work also to United Nations because in the Austrian mission I was assigned to Middle East affairs and Security Council affairs, and so having that as a component to it, this discussion was really very, very interesting, and very rewarding also for me personally and in my work at the UN.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=663.0,701.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nSo you were a board member, but also one of the first class of visiting fellows, and you already mentioned that there were also visiting fellows from the Middle East. Could you talk a little bit more about the process, [and] how someone becomes a resident fellow at EWI back in the day?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=701.0,718.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nWell, at that time for this first meeting, I think it was mainly the personal contacts that John had entered the area because you can imagine it was not easy bringing this group of people together and John had personal contact and so all he did was handpicked participants. For the continuing Fellows Program, we thought at that time that for the institute and for the future of the institute and for the whole outlook and the definition of the institute, it would be important not only to do conferences and workshops and so on, but to have people working on specific issues for a longer time. That was really the origin of the Fellows Program and because we wanted to bring people and have them involved with one particular research issue, but in-depth and use that time that they had at the institute also for their own development, and that was very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=718.0,802.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Of course, as the issues progressed and got more clearly defined and more elaborate, also the process of the selection of the fellows was getting more elaborate then. We were looking very carefully at the people that came. I was only involved at the beginnings because in the summer of 1983, I was called back to Austria, and so I continued my involvement with EWI from there, but I was no longer involved in the day-to-day workings and the day-to-day mechanisms, but especially in the selection of fellows, I was then in a very interesting position because when I came back to Vienna in summer 1983, I was asked to join the office of our prime minister of the Federal Chancellor as a foreign policy advisor. If you think back 1983, in those years, the things that were happening in Europe at the beginning of the end really of the Iron Curtain, of the Cold War, the Helsinki process, it just made contact to Eastern Europe much easier and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=802.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was a very, very interesting time, and of course, from the vantage point of Vienna, that being geographically close, and it was also easier for me to advise the institute or be helpful in the selection of possible candidates for the Fellows Program. I should end that John in those years has also shifted in a way the emphasis of the institute because he thought, in that specific moment, perhaps more relevant than continuing the work on the Middle East was getting involved with the developments in Eastern and Central Europe, and he did that with great vigor as he did everything else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=912.0,977.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYou said that the focus of the institute shifted in the eighties more on the Cold War dynamics and focused more on [...].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=977.0,982.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=982.0,984.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nWhen you think about some of the projects that the fellows were working on, were there some that stood out to you that you remember, [more vividly]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=984.0,996.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nNot so much the work, the projects that they were working on, but what I remember is that some of them made or used the time for and they spent it at EWI also for their own personal development and made very good careers afterwards. They went into banking, they went into administration. They really made very, very good lives for themselves and I think that this is an important aspect also if we think of the continuing heritage of what John Mroz has been doing so that the mission of EWI will be kept alive in the memory and the lives of other people who went through the whole process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=996.0,1063.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYou mentioned already John Mroz several times and I was wondering, is this the person that you work most closely with at EWI?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1063.0,1070.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYes. Yes, absolutely. Absolutely. As I said, we were personal friends and I admired his work and his dedication to what he was doing very much. As I said, we have never lost touch with each other. I became very friendly also with Karen, his wife, and met the children. So it was a professional friendship but also a very personal one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1070.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nCould you describe John a little bit further when it comes to his work processes? You said he was really great in expanding a network and getting also different scholars together. How could you describe him as a person working for EWI? What were other qualities that really stood out to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1110.0,1130.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nWell, the first thing about John that I recall is that he was always brim full of ideas. There was never such a dull moment. He was never standing still, and he was never completely satisfied. There was always something new on the horizon that he got interested in that he wanted to explore and take up. If you look at and you have now the archives in Charleston, and so if you look at the development of EWI in that day, then you see that after his involvement with Central Europe and the Cold War residue and so on, when all of a sudden he discovered, I mean the most important issue will be, is Asia, and moved into Asia, became very much involved in disarmament questions, disarmament negotiations between Russia and the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1130.0,1196.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So all these were examples of his continuing looking for new objectives and for new horizons. The second thing is that he was an extremely skillful motivator. He could talk and persuade people and really get them to believe in him and what he was doing. That's a special skill that people have, I have not, and John had it in abundance. That's why he always managed to get very interesting people also, I mean very high-ranking people like the former president of Finland Martti Ahtisaari all of a sudden to get involved in EWI, and he was extremely good at that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1196.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYou said in the beginning that you were in the early years also a board member. What were some of your projects of functions that you incorporated as a [board member]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1260.0,1272.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nWell, when I came back to Vienna, then John had opened this dépendance in Czechoslovakia and he had gotten very close to Václav Havel, president of Czechoslovakia and he got the possibility to open a kind of a dépendance of EWI in Štiřín Castle, a castle outside of Prague. I was there a number of times where John asked me to head the workshops or conferences. I remember I did a workshop, for instance on women in politics and the question of that women need to network more closely with each other in order to make careers also in politics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1272.0,1335.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was a very important issue at the time in times of big changes. But it was also a very difficult issue because many of the women who we had in that meeting were aspiring to political careers, but they were also distrustful of getting too organized and networking with each other because of the experience in communist times. So that needed a lot of not just diplomatic skill and careful handling that we talked to Mroz through that meeting. These were the issues that John then asked me to be involved in. I was also handling a workshop that he organized in Warsaw.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1335.0,1401.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These were mainly on the wide range of questions coming out of transition, institution building, transition to democratic forms of government, parliamentary, market economy. All these were issues we were involved in at that time and were very important for the countries that have just come out of the communist dominance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1401.0,1435.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nThat is also very progressive at that time to organize workshops focusing on women in politics. What were some other initiatives to make the field of international politics more inclusive that EWI also supported or you were involved with?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1435.0,1459.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYeah. As I said before, I mean John had always an initiative going on disarmament questions. So it was not only the transition and the questions of development and so on, human relations also, but it was always one segment of the work that he was trying to do with EWI was always devoted to disarmament and he always had also fellows, I remember working on disarmament issues. At the time the negotiations between the Soviet Union and United States and Russia and United States in that area were quite important as you recall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1459.0,1521.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nTalking about disarmament, you said that some workshops were also organized where fellows are brought together to really focus on the Cold War dynamics. Are there some events that really stand out to you when you think about that time or some conversations you had at those events that you vividly remember?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1521.0,1542.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nWell, I remember one outstanding event was at a workshop that we had outside of Warsaw where he had managed to get as a participant, Samuel Huntington. That was of course very, very interesting to hear Samuel Huntington talking about his view of the world and development. That was really a highlight. A highlight. Otherwise, I could not recall one particular outstanding meeting. It was always very interesting. There was always interesting people, there was always a lively discussion and in a way also could fund you to explore these issues. They talk about it and plan and think of the future and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1542.0,1605.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYou already said that EWI was also of personal interest for you, for your own projects and focus. Is there something in particular that in a way that EWI complement or support your own concerns?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1605.0,1622.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nNo. It's because in my own career, there was then a little shift and I stayed as a foreign policy advisor to the Austrian Prime Minister till 1992. In that period, I had gotten very much involved in the preparation of Austria's membership in the European Union. So my own focus shifted a little bit in that direction. It was also that in 1992, I went to my first ambassadorial appointment as Austrian ambassador to France, and that was mainly EU oriented. The mission was then persuade the French support Austria's membership in the European Union, which was also not quite easy and not evident and needed a lot of effort put into.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1622.0,1690.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nSo this is very big career change to be then, right? The ambassador.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1690.0,1695.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1695.0,1696.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nWere there some strategies that you might have learned or employed at EWI that helped you in the diplomatic efforts as an ambassador?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1696.0,1709.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nWell, but what it was is, I mean this continuous involvement with different people, negotiating, talking to each other, listening, which was also something that I really learned and learned to perfect given times at the United Nations. That is very important, I mean to listen. It's not only that you have your own opinions and you sharpen your own thinking and so on, you also have to listen constantly to what other people are thinking and saying.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1709.0,1755.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In that way, being involved with EWI and participating in so many meetings and so many workshops, trying to come to results, perfecting negotiating skills, watching agreements, getting people to come to a common ground and so on. These are very important tools of the trade. I'm sure that in my future work also as an Austrian ambassador, the times that I spent at UN and also the times that I spent with EWI were very important in that respect because I learned these tricks of the trade very profoundly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1755.0,1808.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nAnd especially in listening, and also negotiating, there can be sometimes also setbacks. Do you remember in the beginning of EWI, were there some setbacks that you had to overcome or John Mroz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1808.0,1822.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nNo, I don't remember particular one, no, no. But what I see is really a continuous development. Also, then in the way the institute was set up, it grew bigger and bigger and we had more staff. We had different premises then and moved several times. That showed that we always had the respect of the funders and never a big crisis that we were desperate for hunting for resources or money and so on. That was an important factor that the funders believed in John and the work that he was doing. So I don't remember any particular setback. I mean at least except I mentioned that at the beginning was that at the end, our Middle East project stayed sort of in midair. It was really brought down to the ground because people were hesitant then to put their names on the final document, but that was not really a setback. It was something in a way which one had to accept according to the political circumstances also of the fellows that we had at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1822.0,1925.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nThat's also more the political pressures from the outside that may be pinned down at the problems that you were also working on in a different form.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1925.0,1934.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nWell, yes, there were always rumors about it. Of course, then you have also an aspect always of professional jealousy. People see there's a new institute and all of a sudden it is progressing and moving into certain interesting areas. There was always a speculation going on whether this is a CIA operation and there's something sinister going on and whether we are involved, especially then when it came to working with East European countries, these rumors were, but they were always totally unfounded and there was never any substance to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1934.0,1989.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nWhen we think about the supporters and also founders of EWI, you talked about the financial structure of it, right? They're also dependent upon the sponsors. Where did EWI receive most of their funding from in the beginning years? Do you remember that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=1989.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nThat I don't know. That I really don't know. I know that Ira Wallach as the first big funder was a very generous giver of resources and helped the institute getting off the ground, but who then gave, this sort of detail, you have to talk to people who were more involved in the daily workings and also the financial and organizational structure of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2010.0,2042.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYeah. At least we know it's not the CIA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2042.0,2044.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYeah, no.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2044.0,2047.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nPerfect. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2047.0,2049.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nWe assumed that. Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2049.0,2053.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nAre there some other quintessential EWI stories that you remember, especially when it comes to some of the discussions that you had? You also talked about some topics that were really in depth discussed. You mentioned in the beginning you focused also on water resources in the Middle East. I talked to Jim Creighton, and that's also a topic that is discussed decades after. Is there something, some just quintessential stories that come to mind?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2053.0,2081.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nNo, the only things I would like to add is that very, very late, must have been in 2007 or 2008, John had a major conference in Washington where President [Martti] Ahtisaari from Finland participated. I was at that time ambassador in Washington, and John approached me and said, would I host a dinner for his group of attendance and also for President Ahtisaari, whom I had known before and so on. So I did that with great pleasure. We had a fabulous evening at the Austrian residence. This was really the last time that I personally saw John because I then had to leave Washington at the end of 2008, and John died in 2014. So we never met again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2081.0,2150.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYou said that you left Washington 2008. Could you talk a bit more about your daily life as an ambassador?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2150.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nDaily life as an ambassador? Well, daily life of an ambassador is very different depending on where you are. I mean the daily life of an ambassador, let's say in a developing country in Africa or in Asia and so on can be very different from the ambassador of something a Western ally, a member of the European Union. Even there are lot of differences, for instance, between the work that you do as an ambassador in London, the work that you do as an ambassador in Washington, the work that you do as an ambassador in France. I mean it's very, very different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2160.0,2214.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The thing is it's never boring and the issues are so broad that you are not only as an ambassador when sometimes [we forget] you're not only responsible for the bilateral relations and political level talking and making your import and reporting and so on. It's also economic relations, it's cultural relations, it's citizens' interests. You have usually quite a big contingent of consular questions that you have to deal with. I mean, for instance, when I was in Washington, we had Katrina and there were lots of Austrians who were caught in New Orleans, students at the university, and so on as a concrete example, so we had to get them out, we had to give them help, we had to look after them. So it's a mixed bag, but always challenging, always interesting, always diverse. I can only say also in retrospect, I enjoyed it very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2214.0,2293.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYou already mentioned the climate catastrophe, Katrina in New Orleans at that time when you were an ambassador to the US. What were some other political setbacks at the time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2293.0,2305.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nWell, I came to Washington in 2003, September 2003 and that was, so the United States has already started the Iraq War. It was after 9/11, and we had all the consequences also of a big shift in the public attitude, not only political, but also in the public consciousness. There was the Patriot Act with all its consequences. The climate change, I mean this openness and the spontaneous friendliness that I had experienced. My first research of the United States in the '70s was at that time lost and people were a little bit suspicious of foreigners and more careful, and so that changed. It was big change emotionally to deal with. But then politically, we had of course the difficulty that some of the European countries did not support the Iraq war, and there was a split between what they called then the old Europe and the new Europe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2305.0,2394.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Austria was not in favor of the war. We were part of the old Europe and we constantly had to explain why, and the reasoning behind it. It was not easy also to... We were then already integrated into the group of the European EU ambassadors. We were constantly meeting and also synchronizing our approaches and our discussions and so on, our arguments. But in 2006, Austria then took over the chairmanship of the European Union, and that was a very interesting period because then I was the spokesperson for the EU interest in Washington. Also, I was to relay station between State Department, National Security Council and their interest in what was going on in Brussels and also in Vienna at that time. We always had one of our major topics of cooperation was Southeast Europe, especially developments in the Balkans. Well, quite rightly so, the United States always profited, or was interested in Austrian analysis and in the Austrian know-how of the region to which we were all geographically close and had perhaps a more immediate information, more immediate knowledge than somebody sitting in office in Washington.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2394.0,2509.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nAustrian's neutrality also historically speaking during the Cold War and then also after 9/11 is something that is also researched a lot. I talked to some of the other fellows that focused on it. Could you talk a little bit more about Austrian's positioning in the European Union in respect to its neutrality?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2509.0,2530.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYeah. Well, I should perhaps start out by saying that Austrian neutrality, which was decided upon in 1955 and is part of the Austrian institution, is a law that prescribes Austria's status as a permanently neutral country. The way we lived neutrality has evolved through centuries and in quite different directions. There was always a discussion about what you can do as neutral country. I remember that we also, in 1960, we had discussion whether we should join the Council of Europe, which today nobody would see as such a politically important... Not politically important, yes, but not an infringement on neutrality. I mean, they're dealing with human right issues and then constitutional questions and so on. But we then had a big discussion, for instance, in 1970s when Austria for the first time became a member of the security council and there was the big discussion, \"Can a neutral country be a member of an organization that deals with international security?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2530.0,2625.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We said yes, and we did, and we were member of the security council and it's been quite a good and important member through a Middle East War in 1973. So the Austrian interpretation of neutrality has evolved. In contrast to Switzerland, we always argued that it is important to be actively and positively involved, not sit back and withdraw from everything but be involved. This is also the reason why from the beginning on, we participated so actively in peacekeeping operations. Now with our membership in the European Union, there was of course another big debate also in other member countries of European Union said, \"How is it neutral? We are dealing with issues of building up an European security. So many of us are members. We have a membership in NATO. How are the neutrals going to fit into that?\" We then amended the Austrian constitution through a paragraph that we said that everything Austria will do in the context of European security is not considered to be an infringement of neutrality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2625.0,2731.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That of course clarified our status within the European Union and made it also possible that we got even as a neutral country in a lot of close corporations with NATO-run activities like the Partnership for Peace and what the Austrians now call a strategic tailor-made dialogue between Austria, NATO, and so on. We also participated in some of the operations, military operations in Africa as well as on the Balkans that were not UN run, but we're on European Union operations. So we have always tried to do our share. At the moment it is a consideration in Austria again, which is a result of the very difficult situation that we're in with the terrible aggression against Ukraine and the war in Russia, Ukraine, where [the] discussion has opened again in Austria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2731.0,2809.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can we continue? Is neutrality protection? Is it an effective security stance to take or do we have to reconsider the prevalent opinion in the Austrian population? This is substantiated by a number of opinion polls. The Austrians are very fond of neutrality and changing the stages would demand probably a very high political price, which at the moment the government is not ready to undertake. So we are trying to go as far as possible in the development of European security policy in the framework of the European pillar in their cooperation with NATO. I mean, this is basically in a nutshell where we are today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2809.0,2874.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nNeutrality almost sounds as a part of a cultural identity [it seems hard] to change that in reality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2874.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYes, it's a little bit that. It is a little bit that. You also have to see when the status was given to Austria and accepted internationally, it meant that, well, first of all, it was the pass to full sovereignty and independence 1955, and it separated Austria. So the Austrian postwar status from the question of the status of Germany. In a way Austrians have come to see that as one thing should add that of course Austrian see it also as policy towards peace and understanding. For a country that for 200 years has lost almost every war they have been involved in, there is a historic memory that war is not best things to the country, and that it is better to stay out of them. So people are very, very fond of being neutral and they attribute everything positive that quite falsely in many contexts. But everything positive has happened to Austria in the development of the last 50, 60 years to our status of neutrality, and so it'll be very difficult to change it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2880.0,2989.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nI really enjoy when you said neutrality is also understood as something active and something in which it was positively involved. When you think back about EWI, could also neutrality be a concept to describe how EWI was functioning, that they tried to be positively involved, active, but also it has a neutral stance?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=2989.0,3014.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYes, probably you're quite right in that. I've never thought about it in that context, but if I recall that there was also always an involvement, for instance, of the Nordic countries in EWI. Sweden, Finland and so on. The European neutrals in the way played quite a role in there and perhaps that was also the way the EWI positioned itself a little bit between the facilitator, negotiator, mediator in a neutral stance between East, West, Far East. Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3014.0,3067.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nWhat would you think is the most significant contribution from the institute? So the EWI.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3067.0,3078.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nI think probably the most significant contribution and also the thing that will remain from the institute is the formation of the people who got involved with the institute and worked with the institute. I think that is an asset that has been given to people, and that will last for a long time, I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3078.0,3107.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYou already mentioned in the beginning that John Mroz's legacy is really the creation of a network, the support for also young scholars to set up their careers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3107.0,3118.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3118.0,3118.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYeah. Is there something else that comes to mind when you think about John Mroz that you remember vividly?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3118.0,3128.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nYeah. I think what I would like to stress, once again, I've said it already before, is really his personal dedication and his enthusiasm. He never stood still. He was always seeking of new things to tackle and new issues, new horizons that he wanted to confront. I think that is something that he instilled also in the people who were working with him. This need to be positively engaged.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3128.0,3175.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYou've also worked with EWI over several decades, sometimes a little bit more, sometimes a little bit less. It changed also its course. Were there some challenges that you also discussed with John that might have arisen over the years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3175.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nNo. I followed, of course the development of EWI, as I said before, opening up new issues and new frontiers, so to say, by going also in the selection of fellows here, very much into Asia and looking into the conflict zones that were building up US, Asia, and so on. But these were issues that... So this was a roadmap that John sketched, but it was not discussed with me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3193.0,3233.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nOkay. You at one point also moved on a little bit further from the institute because your career also accelerated, right? And you were also geographically not as close. Was that more a decision of yours or was it really more the circumstances that removed you further from EWI?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3233.0,3256.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nNo, it was basically the circumstances and we always stayed in touch on the personal level. Also, for instance, Karen Mroz's stayed with me when I was in France. And so we were always in touch, but I was not professionally involved anymore in the institute. I had my work cut out in a different way, but that was not a choice, but it just so happened that your professional involvement takes you in a different direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3256.0,3307.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nWhen you look back at your career also in foreign relations, which is extremely rich, is there a part of your career that you look back very fondly or that really made a big impression on you, a time that you would like to revisit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3307.0,3323.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nWell, I was very lucky, yes, I should say in my career, because each and every one of the postings which I had abroad and also the work which I did in Vienna, because you must not forget, we are always back in between postings to work in Vienna was always extremely interesting and very satisfying. A very big challenge for me was going to France as an ambassador. I spoke French of course because it's obligatory, but I've known France primarily as a tourist, and I was not as involved with France as I was with the whole Anglo-American world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3323.0,3382.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had English as my first foreign language already as a very young girl and I felt very much at home in the Anglo-American environment. And going to France was an exception and it was really... I stayed there for five years, and it was from day one to the end, a continuous voyage of discoveries and very rewarding. I enjoyed it enormously and I learned so much and it was so interesting all the time. I went from Paris directly to London, and London was for me like a homecoming. I was completely familiar with everything. There was no surprises, nothing. I settled in the embassy and was at home. But France had really been a challenge and I enjoyed it very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3382.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nWhat was the biggest challenge in France for you when you think back?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3450.0,3458.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nThe biggest challenge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3458.0,3460.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nYeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3460.0,3460.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nWell, I can tell you the biggest challenge was first of all, to persuade the French, that Austria would be a constructive and a good member of the European Union. Because when I arrived there, the slogan was still, we want a deepening of European integration before we want to enlarge it. Sweden, Finland and Austria had applied for membership at the same time, and they were very suspicious, the French of just the possible input of the so-called European neutrals. We really had our work cut out I mean with continuous persuasion, and in that we are also interested in deepening European integration and we want a more deeper European cooperation and so on. That was the one thing. The second thing of course, is that we managed to end the hurdle into membership of the European Union. And the first half year as a full member coincided with the French presidency of the European Union.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3460.0,3544.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was for the embassy and for the work of the embassy, a complete transformation because all of a sudden, I mean we used to work before, of course on European issues, but basically we were dealing with Austrian-French relations. Now all of a sudden the main questions which interested Vienna was what are the French going to do in the next council of fisheries, agriculture and so on. We had to broaden our context completely because we didn't have context into the Ministry of Agriculture before or any of the agricultural organizations. So all of a sudden we discovered it as a deed to broaden our relationship and to broaden our context and really intensify what is now such a general called public diplomacy where you go away from the pure government to government context, but brought out into the civil society into all sorts of other organizations, trade unions and things like that. That was a big change.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3544.0,3634.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nWe have a lot of students at the college who are also interested in diplomacy. And you already mentioned public diplomacy was one of the challenges and also shifts. What are some forms of diplomacy that you were most interested in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3634.0,3651.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nWell, I worked a lot of time, of course in the multilateral setting where diplomacy is mainly focused on forging a consensus among various different interests. Diplomacy in the bilateral setting is a little bit different because there you deal with the question of creating understanding for your country's positions and also in a way being an interpreter for your host country's interest vis-à-vis your own government.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3651.0,3701.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that at the moment that one should encourage young people also to think of that we are at the moment in a climate where there is more confrontation and more hostility also in dialogue than there is social diplomacy. I think there is a need, especially now in the whole international setting that we get back to diplomatic involvement, to use also the skills that diplomats bring in professional skills in managing conflicts, negotiating, coming to agreements, and sorting out problems. I've always found it a most interesting, worthwhile, challenging, demanding career.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3701.0,3778.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nWhat would other recommendations or advice be for students who want to have a career in international relations or in diplomacy-?\n\nEVA NOWOTNY","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3778.0,3787.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, there are I should say two main requirements. The first one is you have to have a good knowledge of history. The whole history of international relations is, in my opinion, more important than being extremely well versed in international law because these are all skills that you can acquire, but understanding the roots of a certain conflict. And you cannot understand, for instance, what's happening in the Middle East or what is happening on the Balkans, what was happening in the horrible war on the Balkans if you do not know the whole historical background of relations between Serbia and Albania and Serbia and Croatia and so on and between Israel and Palestine. The knowledge or the understanding of the historical roots is in my opinion, extremely important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3787.0,3860.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second thing is acquire languages. In general, the Foreign Service Institute, for instance in Washington is very good in that they have wonderful language labs where they train the diplomats in all the different languages. That's very important. You are not there only to in a different country, to talk to ministries of foreign affairs in English or French. You are also there to sort of dive into the country and you can only do that if you're able to speak to people. The third thing that I would like to mention, concentrate on listening. It's very important to listen to what people tell you and what they have to say. It's much more important than bringing your own points to bear to understand and to listen to what people come and tell you. These are the three basic skills, apart from everything else that I would like to emphasize.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3860.0,3943.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nRight now, you're also on the advisory board of the University of Vienna. Would you also give universities advice, or what do you think, how should a university of the future look like? How can they prepare students?\n\nEVA NOWOTNY","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3943.0,3956.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, I'm not on the advisory board. It's a different board. Board of the University is a different function. It's not an advisory board. It's a kind of an overseeing board, but also with the mandate for the strategic development of the university. Universities at the moment are going through an enormous change because they are moving away from the classical Humboldt idea of the university to different methods of teaching. They're becoming more international. Research is becoming more international. We have at the University of Vienna, which is a university that has over 90,000 students and is a completely different setup from any American university. We're not a campus university. We're sprawled out in the middle of an old city. But we have researchers that are cooperating with a colleague in Tokyo, and another one in Berkeley, and they're producing a common paper.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=3956.0,4047.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So through the technical facilities that are there at the moment in communication, as well as the effect on teaching methods is changing the life of universities fundamentally. Universities have to cope with that. They're also becoming much more international, which is also in a way quite demanding process of transformation that even though we are German-speaking country, and German is still the main language, Vienna is the largest university in the German-speaking world, but we teach almost a large segment of our classes in English because of our international student population and because English is now the language of science. That's in a way given and universities have to cope with that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=4047.0,4126.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nAnd not only universities have to become more international. Also, students, I always emphasize to study abroad and also engage with other academic cultures. Even in German studies also, the publishing language is changing from German to English as well. That's really interesting also for me to see. So I have some colleagues at the University of Tübingen, but mostly for example, we publish also in English. I have only one more question left for you, and that is actually, could you suggest other people we should talk to for the oral history archive? Are there some that you have in mind that we should reach out to?\n\nEVA NOWOTNY","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=4126.0,4168.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I would have to think about that a little bit. I'll probably look into my own archives if names come. I'm sure there's... I will get back to you on that one. At the moment I talk, I don't find any name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=4168.0,4191.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nOkay. Thank you so much. Thank you really so much for taking the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=4191.0,4197.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVA NOWOTNY\n\nPleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=4197.0,4198.0"},{"id":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251/transcript/41955/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SARAH KOELLNER\n\nI will Stop the video right now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://lcdl.aviaryplatform.com/collections/1894/collection_resources/85854/file/179251#t=4198.0,4200.192"}]}]}]}